AM@常用等价无穷小及其证明

abstract

  • 介绍常用等价无穷小及其推导

  • 等价无穷小和泰勒公式

    • 等价无穷小可以由泰勒公式推导(通用),通过泰勒公式的变形,可以获得各式各样的等价无穷小

    • 如果不使用泰勒公式,直接从极限的角度和函数的基本性质来证明,从中也可以学习到一些技巧,开阔思路

常用等价无穷一览👺

  • x → 0 x\to{0} x→0时的等价无穷小

    1. x ∼ sin ⁡ x ∼ tan ⁡ x ∼ arcsin ⁡ x ∼ arctan ⁡ x ∼ ln ⁡ ( 1 + x ) ∼ e x − 1 x\sim\sin{x}\sim{\tan{x}}\sim\arcsin{x}\sim{\arctan{x}}\sim{\ln(1+x)}\sim{e^{x}-1} x∼sinx∼tanx∼arcsinx∼arctanx∼ln(1+x)∼ex−1
    2. ( 1 + x ) α − 1 ∼ α x (1+x)^{\alpha}-1\sim{\alpha{x}} (1+x)α−1∼αx; ( 1 − x ) α − 1 ∼ α ( − x ) = − α x (1-x)^{\alpha}-1\sim{\alpha(-x)=-\alpha{x}} (1−x)α−1∼α(−x)=−αx; 1 + x n − 1 ∼ 1 n x \sqrt[n]{1+x}-1\sim{\frac{1}{n}x} n1+x ​−1∼n1​x, 1 + x − 1 − x ∼ x \sqrt{1+x}-\sqrt{1-x}\sim{x} 1+x ​−1−x ​∼x
    3. 1 − cos ⁡ x ∼ 1 2 x 2 1-\cos{x}\sim{\frac{1}{2}x^2} 1−cosx∼21​x2
    4. a x − 1 ∼ x ln ⁡ a a^{x}-1\sim{x\ln{a}} ax−1∼xlna
    5. log ⁡ a ( 1 + x ) ∼ 1 ln ⁡ a x \log_a(1+x)\sim \frac{1}{\ln{a}}x loga​(1+x)∼lna1​x
  • 以下3组函数各组内函数互为反函数

    • sin ⁡ x , arcsin ⁡ x \sin{x},\arcsin{x} sinx,arcsinx,
    • tan ⁡ x , arctan ⁡ x \tan{x},\arctan{x} tanx,arctanx
    • ln ⁡ ( x + 1 ) , e x − 1 \ln{(x+1)},e^{x}-1 ln(x+1),ex−1
    • a x − 1 a^{x}-1 ax−1, log ⁡ a ( 1 + x ) \log_{a}{(1+x)} loga​(1+x)
  • 末尾减1的两个等价无穷小

    • ( 1 + x ) α − 1 ∼ α x (1+x)^{\alpha}-1\sim{\alpha{x}} (1+x)α−1∼αx;(幂型)

    • a x − 1 ∼ x ln ⁡ a a^{x}-1\sim{x\ln{a}} ax−1∼xlna;(指数型)

派生和拓展

  • 将上述公式中的 x x x替换为无穷小 α ( x ) \alpha(x) α(x)仍然成立
  • cos ⁡ x \cos{x} cosx= 1 + ( cos ⁡ x − 1 ) 1+(\cos{x}-1) 1+(cosx−1), cos ⁡ x − 1 → 0 ( x → 0 ) \cos{x}-1\to{0}(x\to{0}) cosx−1→0(x→0),从而 ln ⁡ ( cos ⁡ x ) \ln(\cos{x}) ln(cosx)= ln ⁡ ( 1 + ( cos ⁡ x − 1 ) ) ∼ cos ⁡ x − 1 \ln(1+(\cos{x}-1))\sim{\cos{x}-1} ln(1+(cosx−1))∼cosx−1

幂指函数中常用等价无穷小

  • 等价无穷小 ln ⁡ ( 1 + x ) ∼ x ( x → 0 ) \ln{(1+x)}\sim{x}(x\to{0}) ln(1+x)∼x(x→0)的应用
    • n ln ⁡ ( 1 + 1 n ) = ln ⁡ ( 1 + 1 n ) 1 n → 1 ( n → ∞ ) n\ln(1+\frac{1}{n})=\frac{\ln(1+\frac{1}{n})}{\frac{1}{n}}\to 1(n\to{\infin}) nln(1+n1​)=n1​ln(1+n1​)​→1(n→∞)
    • 种形式是: 1 n ln ⁡ ( 1 + n ) → 1 ( n → 0 ) \frac{1}{n}\ln{(1+n)}\to{1}(n\to{0}) n1​ln(1+n)→1(n→0)

小结

  • 通常我们像把非多项式函数转换为多项式函数( ∑ i = 0 n a i x i \sum_{i=0}^{n}a_{i}x^{i} ∑i=0n​ai​xi,这里通常时 a 0 x n a_0x^{n} a0​xn型的),从而达到分子和分母的函数类别的统一以及在约分时提供方便
  • 指数,对数,三角函数,反三角函数全部转为多项式函数

其他精度更高的等价无穷小

  1. x − sin ⁡ x ∼ 1 6 x 3 x-\sin{x}\sim{\frac{1}{6}x^3} x−sinx∼61​x3
  2. arcsin ⁡ x − x ∼ 1 6 x 3 \arcsin{x}-x\sim\frac{1}{6}x^3 arcsinx−x∼61​x3
  3. x − arctan ⁡ x ∼ 1 3 x 3 x-\arctan{x}\sim{\frac{1}{3}x^3} x−arctanx∼31​x3
  4. tan ⁡ x − x ∼ 1 3 x 3 \tan{x}-x\sim{\frac{1}{3}x^3} tanx−x∼31​x3
  5. x − ln ⁡ ( 1 + x ) ∼ 1 2 x 2 x-\ln(1+x)\sim{\frac{1}{2}x^2} x−ln(1+x)∼21​x2
  • 连写: x − sin ⁡ x ∼ arcsin ⁡ x − x ∼ 1 6 x 3 x-\sin{x}\sim\arcsin{x}-x\sim\frac{1}{6}x^3 x−sinx∼arcsinx−x∼61​x3

    • x − arctan ⁡ x ∼ tan ⁡ x − x ∼ 1 3 x 3 x-\arctan{x}\sim\tan{x}-x\sim{\frac{1}{3}x^3} x−arctanx∼tanx−x∼31​x3
    • 都可以通过泰勒公式推导,例如式1,式5, arcsin ⁡ x , arctan ⁡ x , tan ⁡ x \arcsin{x},\arctan{x},\tan{x} arcsinx,arctanx,tanx的展开式相对用的少,但也建议记忆前2至三项,比等价无穷小更加灵活,利用它们,也可以直接推出上述式2,3,4
  • 证明

    • 从验证和证明的角度(而不论推导由来),可以洛必达法则验证正确性
    • 例如 lim ⁡ x → 0 x − sin ⁡ x x 3 \lim\limits_{x\to{0}}\frac{x-\sin{x}}{{x^3}} x→0lim​x3x−sinx​= lim ⁡ x → 0 1 − cos ⁡ x 3 x 2 \lim\limits_{x\to{0}}\frac{1-\cos{x}}{3x^2} x→0lim​3x21−cosx​= lim ⁡ x → 0 sin ⁡ x 6 x \lim\limits_{x\to{0}}\frac{\sin{x}}{6x} x→0lim​6xsinx​= 1 6 \frac{1}{6} 61​,所以 lim ⁡ x → 0 x − sin ⁡ x 6 x 3 = 1 \lim\limits_{x\to{0}}\frac{x-\sin{x}}{6{x^3}}=1 x→0lim​6x3x−sinx​=1,即 x − sin ⁡ x ∼ 1 6 x 3 x-\sin{x}\sim{\frac{1}{6}x^3} x−sinx∼61​x3
    • 令 t = sin ⁡ x t=\sin{x} t=sinx,则 x = arcsin ⁡ t x=\arcsin{t} x=arcsint,代入式1,得 arcsin ⁡ t − t ∼ 1 6 arcsin ⁡ 3 t ∼ 1 6 t 3 \arcsin{t}-t\sim{\frac{1}{6}\arcsin^3{t}}\sim\frac{1}{6}t^3 arcsint−t∼61​arcsin3t∼61​t3,即式3成立
    • 类似得可证式2,再推出式4

记忆技巧

  • 有界性
    • cos ⁡ x ⩽ 1 \cos{x}\leqslant{1} cosx⩽1, sin ⁡ x ⩽ 1 \sin{x}\leqslant{1} sinx⩽1
    • 从而容易分清楚 1 − cos ⁡ x ∼ 1 2 x 2 1-\cos{x}\sim{\frac{1}{2}x^2} 1−cosx∼21​x2 ; cos ⁡ x − 1 ∼ − 1 2 x 2 \cos{x}-1\sim{-\frac{1}{2}x^2} cosx−1∼−21​x2
  • 不等式放缩 0 + 0^{+} 0+:
    • ln ⁡ ( 1 + x ) < x \ln(1+x)<x ln(1+x)<x
    • e x − 1 ⩾ x e^x-1\geqslant{x} ex−1⩾x
    • x 2 < x 1 + x < ln ⁡ ( 1 + x ) < x \frac{x}{2}<\frac{x}{1+x}<\ln{(1+x)}<x 2x​<1+xx​<ln(1+x)<x
    • sin ⁡ x < x < tan ⁡ x \sin{x}<x<\tan{x} sinx<x<tanx
    • arctan ⁡ x < x < arcsin ⁡ x ( x ∈ ( 0 , 1 ] ) \arctan{x}<{x}<{\arcsin{x}}(x\in(0,1]) arctanx<x<arcsinx(x∈(0,1])
    • 根据这些大小关系(联想它们的图形曲线),可以判断 sin ⁡ x − x \sin{x}-x sinx−x或 x − sin ⁡ x x-\sin{x} x−sinx结果是正还是负
  • 从记忆的角度,尤其是第1,2个,容易得到其他几个
  • 对于等价无穷小式(1),(2), [ x − sin ⁡ x ] ∼ [ arcsin ⁡ x − x ] ∼ 1 6 x 3 [x-\sin{x}]\sim[\arcsin{x}-x]\sim\frac{1}{6}x^3 [x−sinx]∼[arcsinx−x]∼61​x3,即对 x , sin ⁡ x x,\sin{x} x,sinx分别取反正弦函数,得到 arcsin ⁡ x , x \arcsin{x},x arcsinx,x它们的差也是和 1 6 x 3 \frac{1}{6}x^3 61​x3等价无穷小
  • 对于(3,4), [ x − tan ⁡ x ] ∼ [ arctan ⁡ x − x ] ∼ − 1 3 x 3 [x-\tan{x}]\sim[\arctan{x}-x]\sim-\frac{1}{3}x^3 [x−tanx]∼[arctanx−x]∼−31​x3,即对 x , tan ⁡ x x,\tan{x} x,tanx分别取反正弦函数,得到 arcsin ⁡ x , x \arcsin{x},x arcsinx,x它们的差也是和 − 1 3 x 3 -\frac{1}{3}x^3 −31​x3等价无穷小
  • 例: lim ⁡ x → 0 arcsin ⁡ x − arctan ⁡ x sin ⁡ x − tan ⁡ x \lim\limits_{x\to{0}}\frac{\arcsin{x}-\arctan{x}}{\sin{x}-\tan{x}} x→0lim​sinx−tanxarcsinx−arctanx​= lim ⁡ x → 0 ( arcsin ⁡ x − x ) − ( arctan ⁡ x − x ) sin ⁡ x − tan ⁡ x \lim\limits_{x\to{0}}\frac{(\arcsin{x}-x)-(\arctan{x}-x)}{\sin{x}-\tan{x}} x→0lim​sinx−tanx(arcsinx−x)−(arctanx−x)​= lim ⁡ x → x 1 6 x 3 + 1 3 x 3 tan ⁡ x ( cos ⁡ x − 1 ) \lim\limits_{x\to{x}}\frac{\frac{1}{6}x^3+\frac{1}{3}{x^3}}{\tan{x}(\cos{x}-1)} x→xlim​tanx(cosx−1)61​x3+31​x3​= lim ⁡ x → 0 1 2 x 3 x ( − 1 2 x 2 ) \lim\limits_{x\to{0}}\frac{\frac{1}{2}{x^3}}{x(-\frac{1}{2}x^2)} x→0lim​x(−21​x2)21​x3​= − 1 -1 −1

常用的等价无穷小和推导👺

  1. sin ⁡ ( x ) ∼ x \sin(x)\sim x sin(x)∼x

    • lim ⁡ x → 0 sin ⁡ ( x ) x = 1 \lim\limits_{x\to 0}{\frac{\sin(x)}{x}}=1 x→0lim​xsin(x)​=1;第一重要极限
  2. tan ⁡ ( x ) ∼ x \tan(x)\sim x tan(x)∼x

    • lim ⁡ x → 0 sin ⁡ x x cos ⁡ x \lim\limits_{x\to 0}{\frac{\sin x}{x\cos x}} x→0lim​xcosxsinx​= lim ⁡ x → 0 sin ⁡ x x 1 cos ⁡ x \lim\limits_{x\to 0}{\frac{\sin x}{x}\frac{1}{\cos x}} x→0lim​xsinx​cosx1​= 1 ⋅ lim ⁡ x → 0 ( 1 cos ⁡ x ) 1\cdot\lim\limits_{x\to 0}{(\frac{1}{\cos x})} 1⋅x→0lim​(cosx1​)= lim ⁡ x → 0 1 lim ⁡ x → 0 cos ⁡ ( x ) = 1 \frac{\lim\limits_{x\to 0}{1}}{\lim\limits_{x\to 0}\cos(x)}=1 x→0lim​cos(x)x→0lim​1​=1
  3. arcsin ⁡ ( x ) ∼ x \arcsin(x)\sim x arcsin(x)∼x

    • 令 t = arcsin ⁡ ( x ) , x = sin ⁡ ( t ) t=\arcsin(x),x=\sin(t) t=arcsin(x),x=sin(t), t → 0 ( x → 0 ) t\to 0(x\to 0) t→0(x→0), lim ⁡ x → 0 arcsin ⁡ ( x ) x \lim\limits_{x\to{0}}{\frac{\arcsin(x)}{x}} x→0lim​xarcsin(x)​= lim ⁡ t → 0 t sin ⁡ ( t ) = 1 \lim\limits_{t\to{0}}{\frac{t}{\sin(t)}}=1 t→0lim​sin(t)t​=1
  4. arctan ⁡ ( x ) ∼ x \arctan(x)\sim x arctan(x)∼x

    • 令 t = arctan ⁡ ( x ) t=\arctan(x) t=arctan(x), x = tan ⁡ ( t ) x=\tan(t) x=tan(t); t → 0 ( x → 0 ) t\to{0}(x\to{0}) t→0(x→0)
    • lim ⁡ x → 0 arctan ⁡ ( x ) x \lim\limits_{x\to 0}{\frac{\arctan(x)}{x}} x→0lim​xarctan(x)​= lim ⁡ t → 0 t tan ⁡ ( t ) = 1 \lim\limits_{t\to 0}{\frac{t}{\tan(t)}}=1 t→0lim​tan(t)t​=1
  5. ln ⁡ ( 1 + x ) ∼ x \ln(1+x)\sim x ln(1+x)∼x

    • 利用对数性质和第二重要极限证明
      • lim ⁡ x → 0 ln ⁡ ( 1 + x ) x \lim\limits_{x\to 0}{\frac{\ln(1+x)}{x}} x→0lim​xln(1+x)​= lim ⁡ x → 0 1 x ln ⁡ ( 1 + x ) \lim\limits_{x\to 0}{\frac{1}{x}{\ln(1+x)}} x→0lim​x1​ln(1+x)= lim ⁡ x → 0 ln ⁡ [ ( 1 + x ) 1 x ] \lim\limits_{x\to 0}{\ln[(1+x)^\frac{1}{x}]} x→0lim​ln[(1+x)x1​]
        • = lim ⁡ u → e ln ⁡ u = ln ⁡ e = 1 \lim\limits_{u\to{e}}\ln{u}=\ln{e}=1 u→elim​lnu=lne=1
  6. log ⁡ a ( 1 + x ) ∼ 1 ln ⁡ ( a ) x \log_a(1+x)\sim \frac{1}{\ln(a)}x loga​(1+x)∼ln(a)1​x

    • 根据换底公式 log ⁡ a e = ln ⁡ ( e ) ln ⁡ ( a ) = 1 ln ⁡ ( a ) \log_{a}{e}=\frac{\ln{(e)}}{\ln(a)}=\frac{1}{\ln(a)} loga​e=ln(a)ln(e)​=ln(a)1​

    • lim ⁡ x → 0 log ⁡ a ( 1 + x ) x \lim\limits_{x\to{0}}{\frac{\log_a(1+x)}{x}} x→0lim​xloga​(1+x)​= lim ⁡ x → 0 1 x log ⁡ a ( 1 + x ) \lim\limits_{x\to 0}\frac{1}{x}{\log_a{(1+x)}} x→0lim​x1​loga​(1+x)= lim ⁡ x → 0 log ⁡ a ( ( 1 + x ) 1 x ) = log ⁡ a ( e ) = 1 ln ⁡ ( a ) \lim\limits_{x\to{0}}\log_a((1+x)^{\frac{1}{x}})=\log_a(e)=\frac{1}{\ln(a)} x→0lim​loga​((1+x)x1​)=loga​(e)=ln(a)1​

    • 所以: log ⁡ a ( 1 + x ) ∼ 1 ln ⁡ ( a ) x \log_a(1+x)\sim \frac{1}{\ln(a)}x loga​(1+x)∼ln(a)1​x

  7. e x − 1 ∼ x e^x-1\sim x ex−1∼x

    • 换元法:令 t = e x − 1 t=e^x-1 t=ex−1;则 x = ln ⁡ ( t + 1 ) x=\ln(t+1) x=ln(t+1)

    • t = ( e x − 1 ) → 0 ( x → 0 ) t=(e^x-1)\to 0(x\to 0) t=(ex−1)→0(x→0); lim ⁡ x → 0 e x − 1 x \lim\limits_{x\to{0}}{\frac{e^x-1}{x}} x→0lim​xex−1​= lim ⁡ t → 0 t ln ⁡ ( t + 1 ) \lim\limits_{t\to{0}}{\frac{t}{\ln{(t+1)}}} t→0lim​ln(t+1)t​= lim ⁡ t → 0 t t \lim\limits_{t\to{0}}\frac{t}{t} t→0lim​tt​=1

  8. ( a x − 1 ) ∼ x ln ⁡ a (a^x-1)\sim x\ln a (ax−1)∼xlna

    • 方法1:

      • a x − 1 a^{x}-1 ax−1= e x ln ⁡ a − 1 e^{x\ln{a}}-1 exlna−1 ∼ \sim ∼ x ln ⁡ a x\ln{a} xlna
    • 方法2:

      • 令 t = a x − 1 t=a^x-1 t=ax−1; t → 0 ( x → 0 ) t\to 0(x\to 0) t→0(x→0); x = log ⁡ a ( t + 1 ) x=\log_a(t+1) x=loga​(t+1)

      • 应用: log ⁡ a ( 1 + t ) ∼ 1 ln ⁡ ( a ) t \log_a(1+t)\sim \frac{1}{\ln(a)}t loga​(1+t)∼ln(a)1​t代换: S = lim ⁡ t → 0 t log ⁡ a ( t + 1 ) S=\lim\limits_{t\to{0}}{\frac{t}{\log_a(t+1)}} S=t→0lim​loga​(t+1)t​= lim ⁡ t → 0 t 1 ln ⁡ a t \lim\limits_{t\to 0}{\frac{t}{\frac{1}{\ln a}t}} t→0lim​lna1​tt​= ln ⁡ a \ln a lna

  9. 1 − cos ⁡ ( x ) ∼ 1 2 x 2 1-\cos(x)\sim \frac{1}{2}x^2 1−cos(x)∼21​x2

    • lim ⁡ x → 0 1 − cos ⁡ ( x ) x 2 \lim\limits_{x\to 0}{\frac{1-\cos(x)}{x^2}} x→0lim​x21−cos(x)​= lim ⁡ x → 0 2 sin ⁡ 2 ( x 2 ) x 2 \lim\limits_{x\to{0}}{\frac{2\sin^{2}{(\frac{x}{2})}}{x^2}} x→0lim​x22sin2(2x​)​= lim ⁡ x → 0 2 ( x 2 ) 2 x 2 \lim\limits_{x\to 0}\frac{2(\frac{x}{2})^2}{x^2} x→0lim​x22(2x​)2​= 1 2 \frac{1}{2} 21​
  10. ( 1 + x ) a − 1 ∼ a x (1+x)^a-1\sim ax (1+x)a−1∼ax

  • 方法1:利用换底公式,复合函数极限运算法则和已知的几组等价无穷小

    • ( 1 + x ) a (1+x)^a (1+x)a= e ln ⁡ ( 1 + x ) a e^{\ln{(1+x)^a}} eln(1+x)a= e ln ⁡ ( 1 + x ) a e^{\ln{(1+x)^a}} eln(1+x)a= e a ⋅ ln ⁡ ( 1 + x ) e^{a\cdot \ln{(1+x)}} ea⋅ln(1+x),从而需要被证明的命题变为: e a ⋅ ln ⁡ ( 1 + x ) − 1 ∼ a x e^{a\cdot \ln{(1+x)}}-1\sim ax ea⋅ln(1+x)−1∼ax(1)

    • 由 e x − 1 ∼ x e^x-1\sim x ex−1∼x得 e a ⋅ ln ⁡ ( x + 1 ) − 1 ∼ a ⋅ ln ⁡ ( x + 1 ) e^{a\cdot\ln(x+1)}-1\sim a\cdot\ln(x+1) ea⋅ln(x+1)−1∼a⋅ln(x+1)(2)

    • 再由 ln ⁡ ( x + 1 ) ∼ x \ln(x+1)\sim{x} ln(x+1)∼x,得 a ln ⁡ ( x + 1 ) ∼ a x a\ln(x+1)\sim{ax} aln(x+1)∼ax(3),代入(2)

    • 从而(1)成立,即命题成立

  • 方法2:用代换法和 ln ⁡ ( 1 + x ) ∼ x \ln(1+x)\sim{x} ln(1+x)∼x推导

    • 令 t = ( 1 + x ) a − 1 ; 即 , ( 1 + x ) a = t + 1 t=(1+x)^a-1;即,(1+x)^a=t+1 t=(1+x)a−1;即,(1+x)a=t+1,则 ln ⁡ ( 1 + x ) a = ln ⁡ ( t + 1 ) \ln (1+x)^a=\ln (t+1) ln(1+x)a=ln(t+1)
    • lim ⁡ x → 0 ( 1 + x ) a − 1 x ln ⁡ ( 1 + x ) a ln ⁡ ( 1 + x ) a \lim\limits_{x\to 0}{\frac{(1+x)^a-1}{x}\frac{\ln (1+x)^a}{\ln(1+x)^a}} x→0lim​x(1+x)a−1​ln(1+x)aln(1+x)a​= lim ⁡ x → 0 ( 1 + x ) a − 1 x a ⋅ ln ⁡ ( 1 + x ) ln ⁡ ( 1 + x ) a \lim\limits_{x\to 0}{\frac{(1+x)^a-1}{x}\frac{a\cdot \ln(1+x)}{\ln (1+x)^a}} x→0lim​x(1+x)a−1​ln(1+x)aa⋅ln(1+x)​= lim ⁡ x → 0 ( 1 + x ) a − 1 ln ⁡ ( 1 + x ) a a ⋅ ln ⁡ ( 1 + x ) x \lim\limits_{x\to 0}{\frac{(1+x)^a-1}{\ln(1+x)^a}\frac{a\cdot \ln (1+x)}{x}} x→0lim​ln(1+x)a(1+x)a−1​xa⋅ln(1+x)​
    • = lim ⁡ x → 0 ( 1 + x ) a − 1 ln ⁡ ( 1 + x ) a ⋅ \lim\limits_{x\to{0}}\frac{(1+x)^a-1}{\ln(1+x)^a}\cdot x→0lim​ln(1+x)a(1+x)a−1​⋅ lim ⁡ x → 0 a ⋅ ln ⁡ ( 1 + x ) x \lim\limits_{x\to 0}{\frac{a\cdot \ln(1+x)}{x}} x→0lim​xa⋅ln(1+x)​
    • = = = lim ⁡ t → 0 t ln ⁡ ( t + 1 ) \lim\limits_{t\to 0}{\frac{t}{\ln(t+1)}} t→0lim​ln(t+1)t​ ⋅ \cdot ⋅ lim ⁡ x → 0 a ⋅ ln ⁡ ( 1 + x ) x \lim\limits_{x\to 0}{\frac{a\cdot \ln(1+x)}{x}} x→0lim​xa⋅ln(1+x)​= 1 × a = a 1\times a=a 1×a=a
  • 1 + x − 1 − x ∼ x \sqrt{1+x}-\sqrt{1-x}\sim{x} 1+x ​−1−x ​∼x

    • 方法1:泰勒展开 1 + x \sqrt{1+x} 1+x ​= 1 + 1 2 x + o ( x ) 1+\frac{1}{2}x+o(x) 1+21​x+o(x); 1 − x \sqrt{1-x} 1−x ​= 1 − 1 2 x + o ( x ) 1-\frac{1}{2}x+o(x) 1−21​x+o(x),从而 1 + x − 1 − x ∼ x \sqrt{1+x}-\sqrt{1-x}\sim{x} 1+x ​−1−x ​∼x= x + o ( x ) ∼ x x+o(x)\sim{x} x+o(x)∼x
    • 方法2: ( 1 + x − 1 ) − ( 1 − x − 1 ) (\sqrt{1+x}-1)-(\sqrt{1-x}-1) (1+x ​−1)−(1−x ​−1),两个括号内分别和 1 2 x , − 1 2 x \frac{1}{2}x,-\frac{1}{2}x 21​x,−21​x,并且 1 2 x , − 1 2 x \frac{1}{2}x,-\frac{1}{2}x 21​x,−21​x不等价,因此 ( 1 + x − 1 ) − ( 1 − x − 1 ) ∼ 1 2 x − ( − 1 2 x ) = x (\sqrt{1+x}-1)-(\sqrt{1-x}-1) \sim {\frac{1}{2}x-(-\frac{1}{2}x)}=x (1+x ​−1)−(1−x ​−1)∼21​x−(−21​x)=x

例

  • 例:设 cos ⁡ x − 1 = x sin ⁡ α ( x ) \cos{x}-1=x\sin{\alpha(x)} cosx−1=xsinα(x)(1),其中 ∣ α ( x ) ∣ < π 2 |\alpha(x)|<\frac{\pi}{2} ∣α(x)∣<2π​(2),则当 x → 0 x\to{0} x→0时, lim ⁡ x → 0 α ( x ) x \lim\limits_{x\to{0}}\frac{\alpha{(x)}}{x} x→0lim​xα(x)​

  • 方法1:纯等价无穷小法及其推广用法求解

    • x → 0 x\to{0} x→0时:
      • cos ⁡ x − 1 ∼ x sin ⁡ α ( x ) \cos{x}-1\sim{x\sin\alpha{(x)}} cosx−1∼xsinα(x),
      • 因为 cos ⁡ x − 1 ∼ − 1 2 x 2 \cos{x}-1\sim{-\frac{1}{2}x^2} cosx−1∼−21​x2,所以 − 1 2 x 2 ∼ x sin ⁡ α ( x ) -\frac{1}{2}x^2\sim{x\sin\alpha(x)} −21​x2∼xsinα(x),即 − 1 2 x ∼ sin ⁡ α ( x ) -\frac{1}{2}x\sim{\sin\alpha(x)} −21​x∼sinα(x)
      • 因为 arcsin ⁡ x ∼ x \arcsin{x}\sim{x} arcsinx∼x又由于(2),得 arcsin ⁡ ( − 1 2 x ) ∼ α ( x ) \arcsin{(-\frac{1}{2}x)}\sim{\alpha{(x)}} arcsin(−21​x)∼α(x)
      • 又 arcsin ⁡ ( − 1 2 x ) ∼ − 1 2 x \arcsin{(-\frac{1}{2}x)}\sim{-\frac{1}{2}x} arcsin(−21​x)∼−21​x,从而 α ( x ) ∼ − 1 2 \alpha(x)\sim{-\frac{1}{2}} α(x)∼−21​
  • 方法2:构造合适的函数求极限

    • 题目要求探究 α ( x ) \alpha(x) α(x)和 x x x的无穷小关系,这里先尝试探究 sin ⁡ α ( x ) \sin{\alpha(x)} sinα(x)和 x x x的无穷小关系,再由等价无穷小替换 sin ⁡ x ∼ x \sin{x}\sim{x} sinx∼x的推广应用: sin ⁡ α ( x ) ∼ α ( x ) \sin\alpha(x)\sim{\alpha(x)} sinα(x)∼α(x)得 α ( x ) \alpha(x) α(x)和 x x x的无穷小关系

    • 令 f ( x ) = sin ⁡ α ( x ) x f(x)=\frac{\sin{\alpha(x)}}{x} f(x)=xsinα(x)​,由(1),得 f ( x ) = cos ⁡ x − 1 x 2 f(x)=\frac{\cos{x}-1}{x^2} f(x)=x2cosx−1​

    • lim ⁡ x → 0 f ( x ) \lim\limits_{x\to{0}}{f(x)} x→0lim​f(x)= lim ⁡ x → 0 cos ⁡ x − 1 x 2 \lim\limits_{x\to{0}}\frac{\cos{x-1}}{x^2} x→0lim​x2cosx−1​= lim ⁡ x → 0 − 1 2 x 2 x 2 \lim\limits_{x\to{0}}\frac{-\frac{1}{2}x^2}{x^2} x→0lim​x2−21​x2​= − 1 2 -\frac{1}{2} −21​,说明 sin ⁡ α ( x ) \sin\alpha(x) sinα(x)和 x x x是同阶无穷小

    • lim ⁡ x → 0 sin ⁡ α ( x ) = 0 \lim\limits_{x\to{0}}\sin\alpha(x)=0 x→0lim​sinα(x)=0,说明 x → 0 x\to{0} x→0时 α ( x ) → 2 k π \alpha(x)\to{2k\pi} α(x)→2kπ, k ∈ Z k\in\mathbb{Z} k∈Z,由(2), α ( x ) → 0 \alpha(x)\to{0} α(x)→0

    • lim ⁡ x → 0 f ( x ) \lim\limits_{x\to{0}}f(x) x→0lim​f(x)= lim ⁡ x → 0 α ( x ) x \lim\limits_{x\to{0}}\frac{\alpha{(x)}}{x} x→0lim​xα(x)​= − 1 2 -\frac{1}{2} −21​